@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ In telecom deployments of NMS it is common to provide an in-house Public Key Inf
#### 4.4.3 Alternative deployments
As the use of extremely large scale network services, or hyperscalers, becomes increasingly popular and the networked services perform an ever greater number of software functions, how we understand network structures depends on how we model their connectivity. The following use cases consider such deployment and other complex deployments primarily by focusing on two factors. These complex networks can be modeled by examining [how much RDPS](#4432-physical-network-deployment-with-rdps) is involved in the design or how the functions are [implemented in local software](#4431-logical-network-deployment).
As the use of extremely large scale network services, or hyperscalers, becomes increasingly popular and the networked services perform an ever greater number of software functions, how we understand network structures depends on how we model their connectivity. The following use cases consider such deployment and other complex deployments primarily by focusing on two factors. These complex networks can be modeled by examining [how much RDPS](#4432-physical-network-deployment-with-rdps) is involved in the design or how the functions are [virtualised in the network](#4431-logical-network-deployment).
Yet, the protocols used for all network deployments remain consistent. TCP and UDP dominate the network and trasport layers in the OSI-model. DNS root servers are still trusted to point to the desired IP address and browser maintained TLS CA pools builds trust beyond that provided by the DNS.
@@ -340,8 +340,6 @@ Early versions of Software Defined Networking (SDN) imitated the physical networ
The Virtual Machines uses Virtual Ethernet interface (veth) to transfer information in the same way that other networks would with a physical card. The veth is connected to virtual switch, that handles ARP protocol duties, and relies the DHCP queries to the control layer.
**NOTE: AB EDITS END HERE**
The subnet virtual switch is connected to a virtual router acting as a gateway, enabling the virtual machine to communicate with rest of the connected infrastructure.
All of these virtual devices can be independent instances of virtual machines running OS with a linux kernel.
