documentation generated from TS

For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:

* AEF : Agricultural industry Electronics Foundation

* FOAF: Friend of a Friend

* GPS: Global Positioning System

* ICAR: Global Standard for Livestock Data

* IT: Information Technology

* NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

* OM: Ontology of units of Measure 

* OWL: Web Ontology Language

* OWL-DL: Web Ontology Language - Description Logic

* RDF: Resource Description Framework 

* RDF-S: Resource Description Framework Schema

* SAREF: Smart Applications REFerence ontology

* SAREF4AGRI: SAREF extension for the Smart Agriculture and Food Chain Domain

* SAREF4BLDG: SAREF extension for Buildings

* SAREF4CITY: SAREF extension for Smart Cities

* SOSA: Sensor Observation Sampling Actuator

* SSN: Semantic Sensor Network

* STF: Specialists Task Force

* TR: Technical Report

* TS: Technical Specification

 No newline at end of file

The present document has been developed in the context of the STF 534, an ETSI specialists task force that was established with the goal to extend SAREF [[1]](#[1]) for the domains of Smart Cities, Smart Industry & Manufacturing, and Smart AgriFood ([https://portal.etsi.org/STF/stfs/STFHomePages/STF534](https://portal.etsi.org/STF/stfs/STFHomePages/STF534)). In particular, the present document is a technical specification of SAREF4AGRI, an OWL-DL ontology that extends SAREF for the Smart Agriculture and Food Chain domain. The intention of SAREF4AGRI is to connect SAREF with existing ontologies (such as W3C SSN, W3C SOSA, GeoSPARQL, etc.) and important standardization initiatives and ontologies in the Smart Agriculture and Food Chain domain, including ICAR for livestock data ([https://www.icar.org/](https://www.icar.org/)), AEF for agricultural equipment ([http://www.aef-online.org](http://www.aef-online.org)), Plant Ontology Consortium for plants ([http://archive.plantontology.org](http://archive.plantontology.org)), AgGateway for IT support for arable farming ([http://www.aggateway.org/](http://www.aggateway.org/)), as mentioned in the associated SAREF4AGRI requirements document ETSI TR 103 511 [[i.2]](#[i.2]).

# SAREF4AGRI ontology and semantics

To show the potential of SAREF4AGRI, the present document focuses on two examples, which are the "livestock farming" and "smart irrigation" use cases. Various other examples exist in the Smart Agriculture and Food Chain domain, such as arable farming, horticulture, agricultural equipment, greenhouses and food chain, as mentioned in [[i.2]](#[i.2]) (for an exhaustive list of use cases, see also the H2020 Large Scale Pilot "Internet of Food and Farm 2020 (IoF2020)" at [https://iof2020.eu/trials](https://iof2020.eu/trials)). However, it was necessary to make actionable choices within the STF 534 timeframe and the available resources, thus livestock farming and smart irrigation have been chosen as the two initial examples to create SAREF4AGRI. As a next step, it is recommended to further refine the proposed livestock farming and smart irrigation examples to add relevant sensors that are not considered yet, and also consider additional use cases to create new releases of SAREF4AGRI, following and extending the examples provided in the present document. As all the SAREF ontologies, SAREF4AGRI is a dynamic semantic model that is meant to evolve over time. Therefore, the stakeholders in the AgriFood domain (starting from the ICAR, AEF and AgGateway initiatives) are invited to use, validate and provide feedback on SAREF4AGRI, collaborating with the SAREF ontology experts to improve and evolve SAREF4AGRI in an iterative and interactive manner, so that changes and additions can be incorporated in future releases of the present document.

## Introduction and overview

The livestock farming and smart irrigation use cases used as basis to create SAREF4AGRI in the present document are concerned with the integration of multiple data sources for the purpose of providing decision support services located on the local "Farm Management System" of the farmers or provided by a service over the network. Multiple data sources of interest include GPS, meteorological data (both historic and current), remote observation (via satellite sources such as Copernicus) and local observation using near or proximal sensors. As an extension of SAREF, which is a semantic model for IoT that describes smart devices and applications in terms of their functions, services, states and measurements [[1]](#[1]), SAREF4AGRI is concerned with the description of proximal sensors that measure a variety of relevant parameters for agriculture, including: (on animal) movement, temperature, etc., (in the soil) moisture/humidity, Ph value, salinity, compaction, (on plant) plant colour (NDVI), etc. The measurements from these sensors need to be integrated by a decision support service to enable the planning of (for example) a treatment plan for animals (in a livestock scenario), or a decision to irrigate or harvest (in an irrigation, horticulture or greenhouse context). The requirements used to create the SAREF4AGRI extension specified in the present document are described in the associated ETSI TR 103 511 [[i.2]](#[i.2]).

The prefixes and namespaces used in SAREF4AGRI and in the present document are listed in [the Namespace Declarations section](#namespacedeclarations)

 No newline at end of file

The present document has been developed in the context of the STF 534, an ETSI specialists task force that was established with the goal to extend SAREF [1] for the domains of Smart Cities, Smart Industry & Manufacturing, and Smart AgriFood ([https://portal.etsi.org/STF/stfs/STFHomePages/STF534](https://portal.etsi.org/STF/stfs/STFHomePages/STF534)). In particular, the present document is a technical specification of SAREF4AGRI, an OWL-DL ontology that extends SAREF for the Smart Agriculture and Food Chain domain. The intention of SAREF4AGRI is to connect SAREF with existing ontologies (such as W3C SSN, W3C SOSA, GeoSPARQL, etc.) and important standardization initiatives and ontologies in the Smart Agriculture and Food Chain domain, including ICAR for livestock data ([https://www.icar.org/](https://www.icar.org/)), AEF for agricultural equipment ([http://www.aef-online.org](http://www.aef-online.org)), Plant Ontology Consortium for plants ([http://archive.plantontology.org](http://archive.plantontology.org)), AgGateway for IT support for arable farming ([http://www.aggateway.org/](http://www.aggateway.org/)), as mentioned in the associated SAREF4AGRI requirements document ETSI TR 103 511 [i.2].

To show the potential of SAREF4AGRI, the present document focuses on two examples, which are the "livestock farming" and "smart irrigation" use cases. Various other examples exist in the Smart Agriculture and Food Chain domain, such as arable farming, horticulture, agricultural equipment, greenhouses and food chain, as mentioned in [i.2] (for an exhaustive list of use cases, see also the H2020 Large Scale Pilot "Internet of Food and Farm 2020 (IoF2020)" at [https://iof2020.eu/trials](https://iof2020.eu/trials)). However, it was necessary to make actionable choices within the STF 534 timeframe and the available resources, thus livestock farming and smart irrigation have been chosen as the two initial examples to create SAREF4AGRI. As a next step, it is recommended to further refine the proposed livestock farming and smart irrigation examples to add relevant sensors that are not considered yet, and also consider additional use cases to create new releases of SAREF4AGRI, following and extending the examples provided in the present document. As all the SAREF ontologies, SAREF4AGRI is a dynamic semantic model that is meant to evolve over time. Therefore, the stakeholders in the AgriFood domain (starting from the ICAR, AEF and AgGateway initiatives) are invited to use, validate and provide feedback on SAREF4AGRI, collaborating with the SAREF ontology experts to improve and evolve SAREF4AGRI in an iterative and interactive manner, so that changes and additions can be incorporated in future releases of the present document.

The livestock farming and smart irrigation use cases used as basis to create SAREF4AGRI in the present document are concerned with the integration of multiple data sources for the purpose of providing decision support services located on the local "Farm Management System" of the farmers or provided by a service over the network. Multiple data sources of interest include GPS, meteorological data (both historic and current), remote observation (via satellite sources such as Copernicus) and local observation using near or proximal sensors. As an extension of SAREF, which is a semantic model for IoT that describes smart devices and applications in terms of their functions, services, states and measurements [1], SAREF4AGRI is concerned with the description of proximal sensors that measure a variety of relevant parameters for agriculture, including: (on animal) movement, temperature, etc., (in the soil) moisture/humidity, Ph value, salinity, compaction, (on plant) plant colour (NDVI), etc. The measurements from these sensors need to be integrated by a decision support service to enable the planning of (for example) a treatment plan for animals (in a livestock scenario), or a decision to irrigate or harvest (in an irrigation, horticulture or greenhouse context). The requirements used to create the SAREF4AGRI extension specified in the present document are described in the associated ETSI TR 103 511 [i.2].

The prefixes and namespaces used in SAREF4AGRI and in the present document are listed in Table 1.

{{table_1}}

# Approach

To create the SAREF4AGRI extension specified in the present document, a combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches was followed. First, the SAREF4AGRI extension has been developed bottom-up from a set of requirements extracted from the livestock farming and smart irrigation examples (also considering existing ontologies in the sector, such as the Common Dairy Ontology in [i.4]). Note that although various other examples exist in the AgriFood sector (such as arable farming, horticulture, agricultural equipment, greenhouses, food chain, etc.), it was necessary to make actionable choices within the STF 534 timeframe and the available resources, therefore livestock farming and smart irrigation have been chosen as the two initial examples to create SAREF4AGRI. 

As a second step, following a top-down approach, the SAREF4AGRI extension development has been driven by reuse in order to connect SAREF with already existing ontologies (such as SOSA, SSN, FOAF, Schema.org, GeoSPARQL and WGS84). 

Afterwards, following the process defined in [i.1], the ontological engineers with the support of domain experts considered existing AgriFood standards (e.g. ICAR, ISOBUS, etc.) and vocabularies (e.g. TAXRANK). A list of the considered standards is detailed in [i.2]. Finally, an initial version of the ontological requirements for SAREF4AGRI was proposed, which was then refined together with domain experts in order to obtain a stable version of the requirements and create SAREF4AGRI. 

As mentioned, SAREF concepts and properties have been reused and extended. The following classes and properties have been directly reused from SAREF:

* saref:Device

* saref:Measurement

* saref:Property

* saref:makesMeasurement

* saref:relatesToMeasurement

* saref:isMeasuredIn

The following classes and properties have been reused in SAREF4AGRI to complete the model of measurements:

* `saref:FeatureOfInterest` to define the feature of interest being observed in a certain measurement.

* `saref:isPropertyOf` (and its inverse `saref:hasProperty)` to link the property being observed with the feature of interest.

* `saref:hasFeatureOfInterest` (and its inverse `saref:isFeatureOfInterestOf`) to link a given measurement with the feature of interest being observed.

* `saref:measurementMadeBy` as complement of the `saref:makesMeasurement`, as its inverse, to link a measurement and the device that produces it.

The following classes and properties have been directly reused from FOAF:

* foaf:Agent

* foaf:Person

* foaf:member

The following classes and properties have been directly reused from Schema.org:

* org:Organization

The following classes and properties have been directly reused from GeoSPARQL:

* geosp:SpatialObject

* geosp:Feature

* geosp:Geometry 

* geosp:sfContains

The following classes and properties have been directly reused from WGS84:

* geo:Point

* geo:location

The following classes and properties have been directly reused from SOSA:

* sosa:Platform

The following classes and properties have been directly reused from SSN:

* ssn:System

* ssn:deployedOnPlatform 

* ssn:deployedSystem

* ssn:Deployment

Finally, the Time ontology ([http://www.w3.org/2006/time](http://www.w3.org/2006/time)), which is already reused by SAREF, has also been reused in SAREF4AGRI.

As a next step, it is recommended to further refine the livestock farming and smart irrigation examples to add relevant sensors that are not considered yet, and also consider additional use cases to create new releases of SAREF4AGRI, following and extending the examples provided in the present document. As all the SAREF ontologies, SAREF4AGRI is a dynamic semantic model that is meant to evolve over time. Therefore, the stakeholders in the AgriFood domain (starting from the ICAR, AEF and AgGateway initiatives) are invited to use, validate and provide feedback on SAREF4AGRI, collaborating with the SAREF ontology experts to improve and evolve SAREF4AGRI in an iterative and interactive manner, so that changes and additions can be incorporated in future releases of the present document. 

# Bibliography

* ETSI TS 103 267 (V2.1.1) (2020-02): "SmartM2M; Smart Applications; Communication Framework".

* ETSI TS 102 689 (V1.1.1) (2010-08): "Machine-to-Machine communications (M2M); M2M Service Requirements".