SAREF: the Smart Applications REFerence ontology
type: Ontology
version info: v3.2.1
version IRI: v3.2.1
prior version: v3.1.1
issued: 2023-12-31
modified: 2020-12-31
publisher: www.etsi.org
license: etsi-software-license
creator: me#
creator: me
creator: mpoveda
creator: bouterca
creator: david-gnabasik-0056a0ba
creator: lauradaniele
source: saref-core
preferred namespace prefix: saref
description: The Smart Applications REFerence ontology (SAREF) is intended to enable interoperability between solutions from different providers and among various activity sectors in the Internet of Things (IoT), thus contributing to the development of the global digital market.
comment: Information about changes compared to version 3.1.1: - Added the saref:FeatureKind class - Added the saref:PropertyOfInterest class - Added the saref:StateOfInterest class
comment: Information about changes compared to version 2.1.1: - Added the saref:FeatureOfInterest class and the properties used to relate it to saref:Measurement (saref:hasMeasurement and saref:isMeasurementOf) and to saref:Property (saref:hasProperty and saref:isPropertyOf). - Added the saref:measurementMadeBy property as inverse of saref:makesMeasurement. - The saref:relatesToProperty and saref:relatesToMeasurement properties are now inverse of each other. - The range of saref:hasValue, which was defined as xsd:float, has been removed to support other datatypes for measurements. - The range of datatype properties, which was defined as xsd:string, has been removed in order to support strings with language tags (rdf:langString). This affects saref:hasDescription, saref:hasManufacturer, saref:hasModel and saref:hasName, which now have implicitly a range of rdfs:Literal. - The saref:hasName property has been removed and the use of rdfs:label is recommended. - The saref:hasDescription property has been deprecated and the use of rdfs:comment is recommended. - Too restrictive restrictions have been removed and in some cases the ontology documentation has been updated to reflect this: a saref:Command having at most one saref:hasDescription; a saref:Task being accomplished by at least one saref:Device; a saref:Device having a typical consumption of only energy or power; a saref:Commodity being measured in units of measure; restrictions on the values of saref:accomplishes that only covered specific use cases; universal restrictions on the saref:actsUpon property have been changed to existential ones; restrictions on the commands that a saref:Function may have, since there could be others not included in the defined enumerations; restrictive documentation of saref:EventFunction and saref:SmokeSensor. - Bugs have been fixed: some devices (saref:DoorSwitch, saref:EnergyMeter, saref:LigthSwitch, saref:SmokeSensor, and saref:TemperatureSensor) were defined as subclass of a device and at …
comment: Information about changes compared to version 1.1.1: - The classes and properties related to how to represent devices in building spaces (such as the saref:BuildingSpace class, saref:BuildingObject class and saref:isLocatedIn property) have been removed from SAREF and incorporated into the SAREF4BLDG extension related to buildings, including the reuse of the W3C? WGS84 geo positioning vocabulary. - The saref:DeviceCategory and saref:FunctionCategory classes have been removed. Instead, the hierarchy of device categories has been implemented directly as subclasses of the saref:Device class. - The information specific for energy efficiency has been moved to the SAREF4ENER extension. For example, the saref:Profile class has been redefined to accommodate only the properties that are general enough for any type of profile, not only for energy and power. Details on how to specifically model a power profile can be found in the SAREF4ENER extension. - The subclasses of the saref:Energy class have been removed (i.e., Average Energy, Maximum Energy, Minimum Energy, Total Energy, HVAC Energy, Hot Water Energy and Lighting Energy). - The saref:Property class has been split into two classes (saref:Property and saref:Measurement), as it is done in the SAREF4ENVI extension, in order to properly accommodate the distinction between the concept of property (an observable quality of something) and the concept of measurement (a concrete value observed for a property). - Too restrictive cardinality restrictions have been revised, sometimes making them optional rather than mandatory (better to make properties mandatory in the extensions that specialize SAREF for a specific purpose, rather than restricting SAREF, whose purpose is more general). For example, definitions of units of measurement using an enumeration (owl:oneOf) were too restrictive because they did not allow using other units than those enumerated. Therefore, the individuals of each class are still there, but the owl:oneOf en…

Feature of interest
type: Class
comment: A feature of interest represents any real world entity from which a property or a state may be acted upon, such as observed and controlled. An instance of saref:FeatureOfInterest represents one specific real world entity.
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of saref:FeatureOfInterest is clarified, not only properties are measured, but properties and states can be observed and controlled.
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of saref:FeatureOfInterest: Clarify it's a specific real world entity.
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of saref:FeatureOfInterest: allValuesFrom axioms are unnecessary and have been deleted.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: consists of
  all values from: Feature of interest

Feature kinds
type: Class
comment: Feature kinds allow to describe kinds of features of interest, with common properties having the same value, and common states being the same. An instance of saref:FeatureKind represents an archetype of real world entities, for example to populate product catalogs.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced class saref:FeatureKind
history note: V3.2.1: Use SKOS to organize generic classes in taxonomies.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: broader
  all values from: Feature kinds
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narrower
  all values from: Feature kinds
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: consists of
  all values from: Feature kinds

has feature kind
type: ObjectProperty
history note: V3.2.1: Introduce hasClassKind for Class is Feature, Device, Property, State, Function, Command.
comment: links a feature of interest to its kind, a feature kind
domain: Feature of interest
range: Feature kinds
property chain axiom: broader

consists of
type: ObjectProperty
history note: V3.2.1: Add local restrictions on consistsOf on feature of interest
comment: A relationship indicating a composite entity that consists of other entities (e.g., a temperature/humidity sensor that consists of a temperature sensor and a humidity sensor)

has description
type: DatatypeProperty
deprecated: true
comment: DEPRECATED: The use of rdfs:comment is recommended instead.
comment: A relationship providing a description of an entity (e.g., device). The value is expected to be a string or a string with language tag.

has manufacturer
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A relationship identifying the manufacturer of an entity (e.g., device). The value is expected to be a string or a string with language tag.
history note: V3.2.1: Defined domain of saref:hasManufacturer to union of feature kind and feature of interest.
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest

has model
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A relationship identifying the model of an entity (e.g., device). The value is expected to be a string or a string with language tag.
history note: V3.2.1: Defined domain of saref:hasModel to union of feature kind and feature of interest.
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest

Device
type: Class
comment: A tangible object designed to accomplish a particular task. In order to accomplish this task, the device performs one or more functions. An instance of saref:Device represents one specific real world entity.
example: For example, a washing machine is designed to wash (task) and to accomplish this task it performs a start and stop function.
example: Examples of devices are a light switch, a temperature sensor, an energy meter, a water flow meter, and a laundry dryer. A laundry dryer is designed to dry laundry, and to accomplish this task it has a start/stop function.
history note: V3.2.1: Most axioms on saref:Device were useless and have been deleted.
history note: V3.2.1: definition of saref:Device clarifies it's a real world entity.
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Device is explicitly a subclass of saref:FeatureOfInterest and s4syst:System.
subclass of: Feature of interest
subclass of: System

has device kind
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has feature kind
comment: Links a device to its kind, a feature kind. Kinds of devices describe models of devices, with common properties having the same value, common states being the same, common functions, and common services.
domain: Device
range: Feature kinds

acts upon
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Links a device, function, command, or procedure execution, to the feature, property, or state, it acts upon.
history note: V3.2.1: saref:actsUpon now holds not only between a command and a state. It generalizes actsUpon, observes, controls. Domain and range are unions of several classes.
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Function
  union of: Function of Interest
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
  union of: Procedure Execution
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Property
  union of: Property of Interest
  union of: State
  union of: State of Interest

is acted upon by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: acts upon
comment: Links a feature, property, or state, to the device, function, command, or procedure execution, that acts on it.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced property saref:isActedUponBy.
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Property
  union of: Property of Interest
  union of: State
  union of: State of Interest
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Device
  union of: Function
  union of: Function of Interest
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
  union of: Procedure Execution

observes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: acts upon
inverse of: is observed by
comment: Links a device, function, command, or procedure execution, to the feature, property, or state, it observes.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced property saref:observes, as sub-property of saref:actsUpon. and generalization of measures.
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Sensor
  union of: Function
  union of: Function of Interest
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
  union of: Observation

is observed by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is acted upon by
inverse of: observes
comment: Links a feature, property, or state, to the device, function, command, or procedure execution, that observes it.

controls
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: acts upon
inverse of: is controlled by
comment: Links a device, function, command, or procedure execution, to the feature, property, or state, it controls.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced property saref:controls, as sub-property of saref:actsUpon. and generalization of saref:controlsProperty.
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Actuator
  union of: Function
  union of: Function of Interest
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
  union of: Actuation

is controlled by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is acted upon by
inverse of: controls
comment: Links a feature, property, or state, to the device, function, command, or procedure execution, that controls it.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced property saref:isControlledBy.

measures property
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: observes
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:measuresProperty is deprecated: will be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A relationship specifying the property that can be measured by a certain device
domain: Device
range: Property

is measured by device
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is observed by
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:isMeasuredByDevice is deprecated: will be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A relationship specifying the devices that can measure a certain property
domain: Property
range: Device

is controlled by device
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is controlled by
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:isControlledByDevice is deprecated: will be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A relationship specifying the devices that can control a certain property
domain: Property
range: Device

controls property
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: controls
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:controlsProperty is deprecated: will be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A relationship specifying the property that can be controlled by a certain device
domain: Device
range: Property

Appliance
type: Class
subclass of: Device
comment: A device designed to accomplish a particular task for occupant use. It consumes, produces, or stores, some commodity.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is used for
  min cardinality: 1
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of saref:Appliance is grounded on tasks and commodities.

Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Device
comment: A device designed to observe one or more properties or states of one or more features of interest.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: observes
  min cardinality: 1
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of Sensor is simplified and grounded on saref:observes. Local restriction on saref:hasFunction is deleted.

Actuator
type: Class
subclass of: Device
comment: A device designed to control one or more properties or states of one or more features of interest.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: controls
  min cardinality: 1
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of Actuator is simplified and grounded on saref:controls. Local restriction on saref:hasFunction is deleted.

Meter
type: Class
subclass of: Device
comment: A device designed to observe and measure one or more properties of one or more features of interest.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: observes
  min cardinality: 1
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of Meter is simplified and grounded on saref:observes. Local restriction on saref:hasFunction is deleted.

HVAC
type: Class
subclass of: Device
comment: Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) device that provides indoor environmental comfort. A saref:HVAC is typically used to accomplish saref:Comfort.
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: Deprecated saref:HVAC for it's only an example.

Switch
type: Class
subclass of: Actuator
comment: A device of category saref:Actuator that performs an actuating function of type saref:OnOffFunction or saref:OpenCloseFunction
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: Deprecated saref:Switch for it's only an example.

Door switch
type: Class
subclass of: Switch
comment: A switch that performs the saref:OpenCloseFunction, is used for controlling a door, and can be found in the state saref:OpenCloseState. A saref:DoorSwitch is typically used to accomplish saref:Safety.
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: Deprecated saref:DoorSwitch for it's only an example.

Light switch
type: Class
subclass of: Switch
comment: A switch that performs the saref:OnOffFunction, controls the property saref:Light, and can be found in the state saref:OnOffState. It can offer a switch on service. A saref:LightSwitch is typically used to accomplish saref:Lighting.
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: Deprecated saref:LightSwitch for it's only an example.

Smoke sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor
comment: A sensor that performs the saref:SensingFunction and the saref:EventFunction, and is used for the purpose of sensing a property of type saref:Smoke. A saref:SmokeSensor is typically used to saref:accomplish saref:Safety.
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: Deprecated saref:SmokeSensor for it's only an example.

Temperature sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor
comment: A sensor that is used for the purpose of sensing a property of type saref:Temperature. A saref:TemperatureSensor is typically used to saref:accomplish saref:Comfort.
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: Deprecated saref:TemperatureSensor for it's only an example.

Task
type: Class
comment: The goal for which a device is designed, from a user perspective.
example: For example, a washing machine is designed for the task of washing.
note: Tasks can be accomplished by devices (saref:isAccomplishedBy).
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: broader
  all values from: Task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narrower
  all values from: Task

Cleaning
type: Task
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Cleaning is deprecated: may be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A type of task for which a device is designed

Comfort
type: Task
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Comfort is deprecated: may be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A type of task for which a device is designed

Drying
type: Task
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Drying is deprecated: may be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A type of task for which a device is designed

EnergyEfficiency
type: Task
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:EnergyEfficiency is deprecated: may be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A type of task for which a device is designed

Entertainment
type: Task
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Entertainment is deprecated: may be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A type of task for which a device is designed

Lighting
type: Task
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Lighting is deprecated: may be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A type of task for which a device is designed

Meter reading
type: Task
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:MeterReading is deprecated: may be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A type of task for which a device is designed

Safety
type: Task
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Safety is deprecated: may be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A type of task for which a device is designed

Washing
type: Task
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Washing is deprecated: may be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A type of task for which a device is designed

WellBeing
type: Task
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:WellBeing is deprecated: may be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A type of task for which a device is designed

accomplishes
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is accomplished by
comment: Links a certain entity (e.g., a device) to the task it accomplishes.
range: Task

is accomplished by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: accomplishes
comment: A relationship identifying an entity (e.g., a device) that can accomplish a task.
domain: Task

Commodity
type: Class
comment: A marketable item which may be supplied without qualitative differentiation.
note: SAREF refers to energy commodities such as electricity, gas, coal and oil.
history note: V3.2.1: Definition of saref:Commodity is simplified.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: broader
  all values from: Commodity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narrower
  all values from: Commodity

Electricity
type: Class
subclass of: Commodity
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Electricity is deprecated: will be defined as an instance of saref:Commodity in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A type of energy commodity

Gas
type: Class
subclass of: Commodity
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Gas is deprecated: will be defined as an instance of saref:Commodity in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A type of energy commodity

Coal
type: Class
subclass of: Commodity
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Coal is deprecated: will be defined as an instance of saref:Commodity in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A type of commodity

Water
type: Class
subclass of: Commodity
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Water is deprecated: will be defined as an instance of saref:Commodity in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A type of commodity

Energy Commodity
type: Class
subclass of: Commodity
comment: The class of energy commodities
history note: V3.2.1: New category of commodities saref:EnergyCommodity

Natural Resource Commodity
type: Class
subclass of: Commodity
comment: The class of natural resource commodities
history note: V3.2.1: New category of commodities saref:NaturalResourceCommodity

is used for
type: ObjectProperty
deprecated: true
scope note: V3.2.1: saref:isUsedFor is deprecated for its name is not clear. For example if a device consumes electricity, it doesn't mean this is what it is used for.
comment: Links a feature kind, feature of interest, or device, to the commodity it is used for
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Device
range: Commodity

consumes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is used for
inverse of: is consumed by
comment: Links a feature kind, feature of interest, or device, to the commodity it consumes
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:consumes, saref:isConsumedBy, saref:produces, saref:isProducedBy, saref:stores, saref:isStoredBy.

is consumed by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: consumes
comment: Links a commodity to the feature kind, feature of interest, or device, that consumes it

produces
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is used for
inverse of: is produced by
comment: Links a feature kind, feature of interest, or device, to the commodity it produces

is produced by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: produces
comment: Links a commodity to the feature kind, feature of interest, or device, that produces it

stores
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is used for
inverse of: is stored by
comment: Links a feature kind, feature of interest, or device, to the commodity it stores

is stored by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: stores
comment: Links a commodity to the feature kind, feature of interest, or device, that stores it

Property
type: Class
comment: Identifiable qualities of features of interest that can be acted upon by devices, such as observed or controlled. A property can apply to different features of interest.
history note: Until SAREF V3.1.1, there was an ambiguity between whether properties should be specific or generic to features of interest. This ambiguity has been solved in SAREF V3.2.1, and the new modeling will be enforced in the next major revision of SAREF.
note: Concepts from existing code lists, vocabularies, and taxonomies, may be used as instances of saref:Property.
example: Air temperature, pressure, luminance, etc. are all properties.
example: Two examples using the QUDT Quantity Kind vocabulary, and the British Oceanographic Data Centre Parameter Usage Vocabulary. <https://qudt.org/2.1/vocab/quantitykind/ActiveEnergy> a saref:Property ; rdfs:label "Active Energy"@en ; rdfs:comment ""Active Energy" is the electrical energy transformable into some other form of energy."@en . <http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/CDTSZZ01/> a saref:Property ; skos:prefLabel "Absolute temperature standard deviation of the atmosphere by dry bulb thermometer"@en .
history note: V3.2.1: The definition and scope of usage for saref:Property is clarified. Axiomatization is simplified.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: broader
  all values from: Property
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narrower
  all values from: Property

has property
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is property of
comment: Links a feature kind or a feature of interest to one of its properties.
history note: V3.2.1: applicability of saref:hasProperty is relaxed to also saref:FeatureKind
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
range: Property
property chain axiom: broader
property chain axiom: has feature kind
property chain axiom: has property of interest

is property of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has property
comment: Links a property to the feature kind or feature of interest it is a property of.
domain: Property
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest

Property of Interest
type: Class
comment: Identifiable qualities of features of interest that can be acted upon by devices, such as observed or controlled. An instance of saref:PropertyOfInterest is specific to a feature of interest. It is inherent to and cannot exist without that feature of interest.
note: A property of interest is the property of (OP saref:isPropertyOfInterestOf) exactly one feature of interest.
note: Per convention, the IRI of properties of interest should consist of the IRI of their feature of interest, suffixed with a fragment identifier #{P} where {P} refers to the name of the property.
example: The air temperature of the atmosphere sample at a certain location and altitude, the received signal strength indicator of an wireless IoT connection, the luminance of the ETSI ATHENA amphitheatre. <etsi_premises/athena#luminance> a saref:PropertyOfInterest ; saref:isPropertyOfInterestOf <etsi_premises/athena> ; saref:hasPropertyKind saref:Luminance ; rdfs:comment "The luminance of amphitheatre ATHENA"@en .
note: Properties of interest need not always be explicited. It depends on the use case. Typically, properties of interest are useful in applications, where the association between a feature of interest and a property (i.e., the property of interest) needs to be identified and related to other properties of interest.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:PropertyOfInterest to solved the ambiguity between generic vs specific properties.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is property of interest of
  cardinality: 1

has property of interest
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is property of interest of
comment: Links a feature of interest to one of its properties of interest.
domain: Feature of interest
range: Property of Interest
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:hasPropertyOfInterest and saref:isPropertyOfInterestOf. Cannot use saref:hasProperty due to the combination of cardinality restrictions and sub-property chain axioms makes the ontology exist the OWL 2 DL prodile.

is property of interest of
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
inverse of: has property of interest
comment: Links a property of interest to the feature of interest it is a property of.
domain: Property of Interest
range: Feature of interest

has feature kind
type: ObjectProperty
comment: links a property of interest to its kind, a property.
domain: Property of Interest
range: Property
property chain axiom: broader

Property Value
type: Class
comment: Describes the value for a property. The property value is linked to its value expressed as an RDF literal (DP saref:hasValue), optionally to the unit of measurement (OP saref:isMeasuredIn), and optionally to the properties or properties of interest it is a value of (OP saref:isValueOfProperty).
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has value
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is measured in
  max cardinality: 1
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:PropertyValue to simplify the association of a measure to a property, without always needing it to be a measurement made by a device.

has value
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Value of a property value expressed as an RDF literal. Note that, even if decimal values are expected, values could use other datatypes.
history note: V3.2.1: Clarified definition of saref:hasValue.

is measured in
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relationship identifying the unit of measure used for a certain entity.
range: Unit of measure
history note: V3.2.1: Relaxed domain of saref:isMeasuredIn so it can apply to saref:PropertyValue as well as saref:Measurement. The new range will be enforced in the next major revision of SAREF.

Unit of measure
type: Class
comment: The unit of measure is a standard for measurement of a quantity, such as a Property.
example: For example, consumption power is a property and Watt is a unit of power that represents a definite predetermined power: when we say 10 Watt, we actually mean 10 times the definite predetermined power "Watt".
note: Our definition is based on the definition of unit of measure in the Ontology of units of Measure (OM).
note: Concepts from existing code lists, vocabularies, and taxonomies, may be used as instances of saref:UnitOfMeasure. For example the QUDT Unit vocabulary

has property value
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Links a feature kind, a feature of interest, or a property of interest, to a property value.
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Property of Interest
range: Property Value
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:hasPropertyValue.
property chain axiom: broader

is value of property
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Links a property value to the property or property of interest it is a value of.
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: Property of Interest
range: Property Value
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:isValueOfProperty.
property chain axiom: has feature kind

Energy
type: Class
subclass of: Property
comment: A saref:Property related to some measurements that are characterized by a certain value measured in an energy unit (such as Kilowatt_Hour or Watt_hour). Furter specializations of the saref:Energy class can be found in the SAREF4ENER extension, where classes such as EnergyMax, EnergyMin and EnergyExpected are defined.
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Energy is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Property in the next major revision of SAREF

Humidity
type: Class
subclass of: Property
comment: A saref:Property related to some measurements that are characterized by a certain value that is measured in a humidity unit
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Humidity is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Property in the next major revision of SAREF

Light
type: Class
subclass of: Property
comment: A saref:Property related to some measurements that are characterized by a certain value that is measured in a illuminance unit (lux)
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Light is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Property in the next major revision of SAREF

Motion
type: Class
subclass of: Property
comment: A saref:Property related to some measurements that are characterized by a certain value that is measured in a unit of measure for motion
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Motion is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Property in the next major revision of SAREF

Occupancy
type: Class
subclass of: Property
comment: A saref:Property related to some measurements that are characterized by a certain value (saref:hasValue property) that is measured in a unit of measure for occupancy
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Occupancy is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Property in the next major revision of SAREF

Power
type: Class
subclass of: Property
comment: A saref:Property related to some measurements that are characterized by a certain value that is measured in a power unit (such as watt or kilowatt). Further specializations of the saref:Power class can be found in the SAREF4ENER extension, where classes such as PowerMax, PowerMin and PowerExpected are defined.
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Power is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Property in the next major revision of SAREF

Pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Property
comment: A saref:Property related to some measurements that are characterized by a certain value that is measured in a pressure unit (bar or pascal)
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Pressure is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Property in the next major revision of SAREF

Price
type: Class
subclass of: Property
comment: A saref:Property crelated to some measurements that are characterized by a certain value that is measured using saref:Currency
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Price is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Property in the next major revision of SAREF
history note: Class saref:Price is deprecated in v3.2.1. In the next major revision of SAREF, it may be defined as an instance of saref:Property.
comment: A saref:Property related to some measurements that are characterized by a certain value that is measured using saref:Currency

Smoke
type: Class
subclass of: Property
comment: A saref:Property related to some measurements that are characterized by a certain value that is measured in a unit of measure for smoke
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Smoke is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Property in the next major revision of SAREF

Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: Property
comment: A saref:Property related to some measurements that are characterized by a certain value that is measured in a temperature unit (degree_Celsius, degree_Fahrenheit, or degree_kelvin)
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:Temperature is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Property in the next major revision of SAREF

Energy unit
type: Class
subclass of: Unit of measure
comment: The unit of measure for energy
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:EnergyUnit is deprecated. Will be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF

Illuminance unit
type: Class
subclass of: Unit of measure
comment: The unit of measure for light
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:IlluminanceUnit is deprecated. Will be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF

Power unit
type: Class
subclass of: Unit of measure
comment: The unit of measure for power
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:PowerUnit is deprecated. Will be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF

Pressure unit
type: Class
subclass of: Unit of measure
comment: The unit of measure for pressure
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:PressureUnit is deprecated. Will be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF

Temperature unit
type: Class
subclass of: Unit of measure
comment: The unit of measure for temperature
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:TemperatureUnit is deprecated. Will be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF

State
type: Class
comment: Identifiable conditions that features of interest are or may be in, and that can be acted upon by devices, such as observed and controlled. A state can apply to different features of interest.
example: A switch can be found in the saref:OnOffState, which is further specialized in saref:OnState and saref:OffState.
note: SAREF is not restricted to binary states such as the saref:OnOffState, but allows to define also n-ary states (see, for example, the saref:MultiLevelState class).
note: Concepts from existing code lists, vocabularies, and taxonomies, may be used as instances of saref:State.
history note: V3.2.1: Clarified and generalized definition of saref:State. Can now apply to all features of interest, not just devices.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: broader
  all values from: State
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narrower
  all values from: State

has state
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is state of
comment: Links a feature kind or a feature of interest to one of its states.
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
  union of: State of Interest
range: State
history note: V3.2.1: Relaxed domain of saref:hasState.
property chain axiom: broader
property chain axiom: has feature kind
property chain axiom: has state of interest
property chain axiom: has state kind

is state of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has state
comment: Links a state to the feature kind or feature of interest it is a state of.
domain: State
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:isStateOf.

State of Interest
type: Class
comment: Identifiable conditions that features of interest are or may be in, and that can be acted upon by devices, such as observed and controlled. An instance of saref:StateOfInterest is specific to a feature of interest. It is inherent to and cannot exist without that feature of interest.
note: A state of interest is the state of (OP saref:isStateOfInterestOf) exactly one feature of interest.
note: Per convention, the IRI of states of interest should consist of the IRI of their feature of interest, suffixed with a fragment identifier #{S} where {S} refers to the name of the state.
note: States of interest need not always be explicited. It depends on the use case. Typically, states of interest are useful in applications, where the association between a feature of interest and a state (i.e., the state of interest) needs to be identified and related to other states of interest.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:StateOfInterest, parallel to saref:PropertyOfInterest.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is state of interest of
  cardinality: 1

has state of interest
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is state of interest of
comment: Links a feature of interest to one of its states of interest.
domain: Feature of interest
range: State of Interest
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:hasStateOfInterest and saref:isStateOfInterestOf, parallel to saref:hasPropertyOfInterest and saref:isPropertyOfInterestOf.

is state of interest of
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
inverse of: has state of interest
comment: Links a state of interest to the feature of interest it is a state of.
domain: State of Interest
range: Feature of interest

has state kind
type: ObjectProperty
comment: links a state of interest to its kind, a state
domain: State of Interest
range: State
property chain axiom: broader

Close state
type: Class
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:CloseState is deprecated: will be defined as an instance of saref:State in the next major revision of SAREF
subclass of: Open close state
comment: The state of a device that is CLOSE

Multi level state
type: Class
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:MultiLevelState is deprecated: will be defined as an instance of saref:State in the next major revision of SAREF
subclass of: State
comment: A type of state

Off state
type: Class
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:OffState is deprecated: will be defined as an instance of saref:State in the next major revision of SAREF
subclass of: On off state
comment: The state of a device that is Off

On off state
type: Class
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:OnOffState is deprecated: will be defined as an instance of saref:State in the next major revision of SAREF
subclass of: State
comment: A type of state

On state
type: Class
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:OnState is deprecated: will be defined as an instance of saref:State in the next major revision of SAREF
subclass of: On off state
comment: The state of a device that is On

Open close state
type: Class
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:OpenCloseState is deprecated: will be defined as an instance of saref:State in the next major revision of SAREF
subclass of: State
comment: A type of state

Open state
type: Class
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:OpenState is deprecated: will be defined as an instance of saref:State in the next major revision of SAREF
subclass of: Open close state
comment: The state of a device that is OPEN

Start state
type: Class
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:StartState is deprecated: will be defined as an instance of saref:State in the next major revision of SAREF
subclass of: Start stop state
comment: The state of a device that is STARTED

Start stop state
type: Class
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:StartStopState is deprecated: will be defined as an instance of saref:State in the next major revision of SAREF
subclass of: State
comment: A type of state

Stop state
type: Class
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:StopState is deprecated: will be defined as an instance of saref:State in the next major revision of SAREF
subclass of: Start stop state
comment: The state of a device that is STOPPED

Function
type: Class
comment: Logical groups of commands that devices support to accomplish their tasks. Function can act upon (OP saref:actsUpon and its sub-properties) features, properties, or states. An instance of saref:Function can apply to different devices.
example: To accomplish the task of controlling the light, a smart light switch may have a function for turning on and off the light, and another to set the luminosity of the light.
example: To accomplish the task of sensing the temperature, a temperature sensor should have a sensing function.
example: To accomplish the task of washing clothes, a washing machine should have a function for washing.
history note: V3.2.1: Simplified definition and axiomatization of saref:Function. Added examples.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: broader
  all values from: Function
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narrower
  all values from: Function

Sensing function
type: Class
subclass of: Function
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:SensingFunction is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Function in the next major revision of SAREF
comment: A function that allows to transmit data from sensors, such as measurement values (e.g., temperature) or sensing data (e.g., occupancy)

has sensing range
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relationship between a sensing function and a measurement identifying the range of a sensor detection
domain: Sensing function
range: Measurement
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:hasSensingRange is deprecated together with saref:SensingFunction. And may be defined as an instance of saref:Property in the next major revision of SAREF

has sensor type
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relationship identifying the sensing type of a sensor detection (i.e., Temperature, Occupancy, Humidity, Motion , Smoke, Pressure, etc.)
domain: Sensing function
range: Property
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:hasSensingRange is deprecated together with saref:SensingFunction. Use saref:hasDeviceKind instead.

Event function
type: Class
subclass of: Function
comment: A function that allows to notify about some relevant activity; e.g., that a certain threshold value has been exceeded or that some object has moved.
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:EventFunction is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Function in the next major revision of SAREF

has threshold measurement
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relationship associated with an event function to notify that a certain threshold measurement has been exceeded
domain: Event function
range: Measurement
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:hasThresholdMeasurement is deprecated together with saref:EventFunction. And may be defined as an instance of saref:Property in the next major revision of SAREF

Metering function
type: Class
subclass of: Function
comment: A function that allows to get data from a meter, such as current meter reading or instantaneous demand
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:MeteringFunction is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Function in the next major revision of SAREF

has meter reading
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relationship between a metering function and the measurement of the reading
domain: Metering function
range: Measurement
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: deprecated saref:hasMeterReading together with saref:Measurement and saref:MeteringFunction

has meter reading type
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relationship identifying the reading type of a metering function (e.g., Water, Gas, Pressure , Energy , Power, etc.)
domain: Metering function
range: Property
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: deprecated saref:hasMeterReadingType together with saref:MeteringFunction

Level control function
type: Class
subclass of: Actuating function
comment: An actuating function that allows to do level adjustments of a property in a certain range (e.g., 0%-100%), such as dimming a light in a room or setting the speed of an electric motor.
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:LevelControlFunction is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Function in the next major revision of SAREF

Start stop function
type: Class
subclass of: Actuating function
comment: An actuating function that allows to start and stop a device
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:StartStopFunction is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Function in the next major revision of SAREF

Open close function
type: Class
subclass of: Actuating function
comment: An actuating function that allows to open and close a device
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:OpenCloseFunction is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Function in the next major revision of SAREF

On off function
type: Class
subclass of: Actuating function
comment: An actuating function that allows to switch on and off an actuator
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:OnOffFunction is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Function in the next major revision of SAREF

Actuating function
type: Class
subclass of: Function
comment: A function that allows to transmit data to actuators, such as level settings (e.g., temperature) or binary switching (e.g., open/close, on/off)
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:ActuatingFunction is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Function in the next major revision of SAREF

has function
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is function of
comment: Links a feature kind or a device to one of its functions.
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
range: Function
history note: V3.2.1: Domain of saref:hasFunction is relaxed.
property chain axiom: broader
property chain axiom: has device kind
property chain axiom: has function of interest
property chain axiom: has function kind

is function of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has function
comment: Links a function to the feature kind or device it is a function of.
domain: Function
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Feature of interest
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:isFunctionOf.

Function of Interest
type: Class
comment: Logical groups of commands that devices support to accomplish their tasks. Function can act upon (OP saref:actsUpon and its sub-properties) features, properties, or states. An instance of saref:FunctionOfInterest is supported by exactly one device.
note: A function of interest is the function of (OP saref:isFunctionOfInterestOf) exactly one device.
note: Functions of interest need not always be explicited. It depends on the use case. Typically, functions of interest are useful to specify which command is actually exposed, and which actual property of interest or state of interest it acts upon.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:FunctionOfInterest, parallel to saref:PropertyOfInterest.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is function of interest of
  cardinality: 1

has function of interest
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is function of interest of
comment: Links a device to one of its functions of interest.
domain: Device
range: Function of Interest

is function of interest of
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
inverse of: has function of interest
comment: Links a function of interest to the device it is a function of.
domain: Function of Interest
range: Device

has function kind
type: ObjectProperty
comment: links a function of interest to its kind, a function
domain: Function of Interest
range: Function
property chain axiom: broader

Command
type: Class
comment: The lowest-level directives a function exposes to some network. Commands can act upon (OP saref:actsUpon and its sub-properties) features, properties, or states. An instance of saref:Command is independent of any device.
example: Observe property, control property, observe state, control state, invoke action, cancel action, turn on or off, change color, subscribe, publish, etc. are all commands.
history note: V3.2.1: Simplified definition and axiomatization of saref:Command. Added examples.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: broader
  all values from: Command
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narrower
  all values from: Command

has command
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is command of
comment: Links a function or function of interest and the command it supports.
domain: Class
  union of: Function
  union of: Function of Interest
range: Command
history note: V3.2.1: Domain of saref:hasCommand is relaxed to saref:Function or saref:FunctionOfInterest.
property chain axiom: has feature kind
property chain axiom: has mandatory command
property chain axiom: has command of interest
property chain axiom: has command kind

is command of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has command
comment: Links a command and a function or function of interest that supports it.
domain: Command
range: Class
  union of: Function
  union of: Function of Interest

has mandatory command
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has command
comment: Links a function and one of its mandatory commands
domain: Function
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced mandatory and optional commands.
property chain axiom: broader

has optional command
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has command
comment: Links a function and one of its optional commands
domain: Function

has input
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Links a command, operation, or procedure execution, to its inputs.
domain: Class
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
  union of: Operation
  union of: Procedure Execution
example: Different complementary commands can be defined for controlling a light. Turn on or off the light based on a desired state, toggle the light status of a specific light, set the luminosity level with a transition time, set the default transition time, start comfort.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:hasInput and saref:hasOutput.

has output
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Links a command or operation to its outputs.
domain: Class
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
  union of: Operation
example: Different complementary commands can be defined for observing a smart home. Observe the temperature once will output the indoor temperature property; observe status of the entry door will output an open/close state.

Command Of Interest
type: Class
comment: The lowest-level directives a device supports and exposes to some network. Commands can act upon (OP saref:actsUpon and its sub-properties) features, properties, or states. A saref:CommandOfInterest is a directives actually supported by a device and exposed to some network.
note: Like for commands, commands of interest may be described in terms of their input parameters, outputs, and of which properties or states they act upon.
note: Commands of interest need not always be explicited. It depends on the use case. Typically, commands of interest are useful to specify the actual property of interest or state of interest that is expected as input parameter, output, or that will be acted upon.
example: The corridor smart light switch supports a command of kind “turn on/off”, which controls the state of the outdoor light.
example: The smart fridge supports a command of kind “observe temperature”, which observes the temperature of the fridge.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:CommandOfInterest, parallel to saref:PropertyOfInterest.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is command of interest of
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is command of interest of
  cardinality: 1

has command of interest
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is command of interest of
comment: Links a function of interest to one of its commands of interest.
domain: Function of Interest
range: Command Of Interest

is command of interest of
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
inverse of: has command of interest
comment: Links a command of interest to the function of interest it is a command of.
domain: Command Of Interest
range: Feature of interest

has command kind
type: ObjectProperty
comment: links a command of interest to its kind, a command.
domain: Command Of Interest
range: Command
property chain axiom: broader

Toggle command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:ToggleCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Get command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:GetCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Notify command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:NotifyCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Get sensing data command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of get command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:GetSensingDataCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Get current meter value command
type: Class
subclass of: Get command
comment: A type of get command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:GetCurrentMeterValueCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Get meter data command
type: Class
subclass of: Get command
comment: A type of get command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:GetMeterDataCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Get meter history command
type: Class
subclass of: Get command
comment: A type of get command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:GetMeterHistoryCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Set absolute level command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of set level command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:SetAbsoluteLevelCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Set relative level command
type: Class
subclass of: Set level command
comment: A type of set level command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:SetRelativeLevelCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Set level command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:SetLevelCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Step down command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:StepDownCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Step up command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:StepUpCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Pause command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:PauseCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Start command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:StartCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Stop command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:StopCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Close command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:CloseCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Open command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:OpenCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

On command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:OnCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Off command
type: Class
subclass of: Command
comment: A type of command
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:OffCommand is deprecated: may be defined as an instance of saref:Command in the next major revision of SAREF

Service
type: Class
comment: A saref:Service is a digital representation of a function in a network, making it discoverable, registerable and remotely controllable in the network.
note: Typically, a device connected to a given network offers one service for each of its functions of interest.
example: For example, a light switch can offer the service of remotely switching the lights in a home through mobile phone devices that are connected to the local network (ex:SwitchOnService class). This "remote switching" service represents the ex:OnOffFunction.
history note: V3.2.1: Simplified definition of saref:Service. Added examples.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: represents
  all values from: Class
    union of: Function
    union of: Function of Interest
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: represents
  on class: Function of Interest
  min qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is offered by
  cardinality: 1

represents
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Links a service to some function or function of interest it exposes to the network. Also links an operation to some command or command of interest it exposes to the network.
domain: Class
  union of: Service
  union of: Operation
range: Class
  union of: Function
  union of: Function of Interest
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
history note: V3.2.1: Relaxed domain and range of saref:represents.

offers
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is offered by
comment: Links a device to a service it exposes to a network.
domain: Device
range: Service
history note: V3.2.1: Clarified definition of saref:offers.

is offered by
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
inverse of: offers
comment: Links a service to the device that exposes it to a network
domain: Service
range: Device
history note: V3.2.1: Clarified definition of saref:isOfferedBy.

Switch on service
type: Class
subclass of: Service
comment: A type of service that represents an on/off function to the network
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:SwitchOnService is deprecated for it is just an example. It may be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF

Operation
type: Class
comment: A saref:Operation is the means of a service to communicate in a procedure-type manner over the network (i.e. transmit data to/from other devices). It is the –machine interpretable– exposure of a –human understandable– command to a network.
note: Typically, a device connected to a given network offers one service for each of its functions of interest, and each service has one operation per command of interest of the function of interest it represents.
note: An operation may be described in terms of its inputs and outputs using OP saref:hasInput and saref:hasOutput. Inputs and outputs of operations typically describe the expected schema or shape of network messages.
example: To turn on a light, send a CoAP PUT request with CBOR content 0xf5 (true)
example: In the set of operations exposed by a smart light bulb on a given network, one may be dedicated to turn on and off the light and expect a boolean as input. Another one may be dedicated to set the luminosity status and expect a target luminosity level (a byte) and a transition time (encoded on two bytes).
example: In the set of operations exposed by a smart washing machine on a given network, one may be dedicated to set the water temperature for the washing cycle, and expected as input a enumerated value. Another one may be dedicated to start, pause, or stop the washing cycle.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:Operation and associated properties from oneM2M base ontology.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: represents
  all values from: Class
    union of: Command
    union of: Command Of Interest
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: represents
  on class: Command Of Interest
  min qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is operation of
  cardinality: 1

has operation
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is operation of
comment: Links a service to one of its operations.
domain: Service
range: Operation

is operation of
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
inverse of: has operation
comment: Links an operation to the service it belongs to.
domain: Operation
range: Service

Procedure Execution
type: Class
comment: Represents the act of carrying out a procedure.
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:ProcedureExecution.

made by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: made execution
comment: Links a procedure execution to the entity (e.g., device) that made it.
domain: Procedure Execution
range: Feature of interest
history note: V3.2.1: Introduce saref:madeBy (resp. saref:madeExecution) as generalization of saref:measurementMadeBy (resp. saref:makesMeasurement).

made execution
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: made by
comment: Links an entity (e.g., device) to the procedure execution it made.
domain: Feature of interest
range: Procedure Execution

makes measurement
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: measurement made by
comment: A relation between a device and the measurements it makes. Such measurement will link together the value of the measurement, its unit of measure and the property to which it relates.
domain: Device
range: Measurement
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:makesMeasurement is deprecated as one of the properties related to saref:Measurement. It may be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF

measurement made by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation between a measurement and the device that made it.
domain: Measurement
range: Device
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: saref:makesMeasurement is deprecated as one of the properties related to saref:Measurement. It may be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF

has result
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Links a procedure execution (e.g., an observation) to its result (e.g., a property value).
domain: Procedure Execution
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:hasResult as part of general will to make SAREF and SOSA/SSN converge.

has result time
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Links a procedure execution to the instant of time when the activity was completed, expressed as an xsd:dateTime literal.
domain: Procedure Execution
range: dateTime
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:hasResultTime as part of general will to make SAREF and SOSA/SSN converge.

has phenomenon time
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Links a procedure execution to the time that the result applies. It may be an interval or an instant, or some other compound temporal entity expressed using OWL Time.
range: TemporalEntity
history note: V3.2.1: Introduced saref:hasPhenomenonTime as part of general will to make SAREF and SOSA/SSN converge.

has timestamp
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Links a procedure execution or a profile to an instant.
note: When the execution time and the phenomenon time are the same time instants, then DP saref:hasTimestamp can be used to simply link a procedure execution to the time of these instants, expressed as an xsd:dateTime literal.
note: Applied on a profile, it describes the applicable instant of that profile
domain: Class
  union of: Procedure Execution
  union of: Profile
range: dateTime
history note: V3.2.1: Tried to clarify definition of saref:hasTimestamp. Still unclear.

Command Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Procedure Execution
comment: Describes the execution of a command. Typically, its inputs and outputs are human understandable and relate to some feature of interest, such as its state (e.g., s4abcd:On), or the value of its temperature (e.g., property value 21.0 °C).
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is execution of
  all values from: Class
    union of: Command
    union of: Command Of Interest

Operation Execution
type: Class
subclass of: Procedure Execution
comment: Describes the execution of an operation in a network: the–machine interpretable– description of a communication between devices over the network. Typically, its input and result are network messages, that conform to the input and output of the executed operation.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is execution of
  all values from: Operation

is execution of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Links a command execution to the command or command of interest that was executed. Also liks an operation execution to the operation that was executed
domain: Procedure Execution
range: Class
  union of: Command
  union of: Command Of Interest
  union of: Operation
property chain axiom: broader
property chain axiom: has command kind

Observation
type: Class
subclass of: Procedure Execution
comment: A saref:Observation is the act of carrying out a procedure to estimate or calculate a value of a property of a feature of interest, or a state of a feature of interest. It links to a sensor to describe what made the observation, and to the observed feature, property, property of interest, state, or state of interest. Typically, its result is a property value or a state. An observation of a state (OP saref:observes) should have a state as a result (OP saref:hasResult). Respectively, an observation of a property should have a property value as a result.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: made by
  all values from: Sensor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: observes
  min cardinality: 1

Actuation
type: Class
subclass of: Procedure Execution
comment: A saref:Actuation is the act of carrying out a procedure to control the state of the world using an actuator. It links to an actuator to describe what made the actuation, and to the controlled feature, property, property of interest, state, or state of interest. Typically, its input is a property value or a state. An actuation of a state (OP saref:controls) should have a state as input (OP saref:hasInput). Respectively, an actuation of a property should have a property value as input.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: made by
  all values from: Actuator
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: controls
  min cardinality: 1

Measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isMeasurementOf
  all values from: Feature of interest
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is measured in
  all values from: Unit of measure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: relates to property
  all values from: Property
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is measured in
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Unit of measure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: relates to property
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Property
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has timestamp
  all values from: dateTime
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has value
  cardinality: 1
comment: Represents the measured value made over a property. It is also linked to the unit of measure in which the value is expressed and the timestamp of the measurement.
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: Deprecated saref:Measurement in favour of saref:Observation, to generalize to observation of states and convergence with SOSA/SSN.

has measurement
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relationship between a feature of interest and a measurement about it
domain: Feature of interest
range: Measurement
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: Deprecated saref:hasMeasurement together with saref:Measurement.

isMeasurementOf
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has measurement
comment: A relationship between a measurement and the feature of interest whose quality was measured
domain: Measurement
range: Feature of interest
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: Deprecated saref:isMeasurementOf together with saref:Measurement.

relates to property
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: relates to measurement
comment: A relationship between a measurement and the property it relates to
domain: Measurement
range: Property
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: Deprecated saref:isMeasurementOf together with saref:Measurement.

relates to measurement
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relationship between a property and the measurements it relates to
domain: Property
range: Measurement
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: Deprecated saref:isMeasurementOf together with saref:Measurement.

Profile
type: Class
comment: A saref:Profile describes the money earned (negative values) or paied (positive values) for the use (production or consumption) of a commodity by a device in a certain context.
note: OP saref:hasProfile links a device to its profile. The device should be linked to a certain commodity using OP saref:isUsedFor or its sub-properties, and optionally to some property or state using OP saref:actsUpon or its sub-properties.
note: The applicable context of a profile can be bound temporally using DP saref:hasTimestamp or its subproperties defined by SAREF extensions, or OP saref:hasApplicableTime which links to instant or interval or other compound temporal entity expressed using OWL Time.
note: The applicable context can be restricted to when the property of a feature of interest has some value (OPs saref:whenPropertyValue)
note: The applicable context can be restricted to when a feature of interest has a certain state (OPs saref:whenState).
note: OP saref:hasPrice links a profile to the money earned (negative values) or paid (positive values) for the use (production or consumption) of the commodity by the device.
history note: V3.2.1: Class saref:Profile has been re-specified, to take into account findings from SAREF4ENER V1.2.1.

has profile
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is profile of
comment: Links a device to its profile. Its inverse is saref:isProfileOf. The device should be linked to a certain commodity using OP saref:isUsedFor or its sub-properties, and optionally to some property or state using OP saref:actsUpon or its sub-properties.
domain: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Device
range: Profile
history note: V3.2.1: Relaxed domain of saref:hasProfile to saref:FeatureKind or saref:Device

is profile of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has profile
comment: Links a profile to the device it describes. The device should be linked to a certain commodity using OP saref:isUsedFor or its sub-properties, and optionally to some property or state using OP saref:actsUpon or its sub-properties.
domain: Profile
range: Class
  union of: Feature kinds
  union of: Device

has applicable time
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Links an entity (e.g., a profile) to an instant or interval or other compound temporal entity expressed using OWL Time, which bounds temporally the applicable context of that entity.
range: Class
  union of: TemporalEntity
  union of: TemporalPosition

when property value
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Links a profile to a property value that contributes to restricting its applicable context.
domain: Profile
range: Property Value

when state
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Links a profile to a state that contributes to restricting its applicable context.
domain: Profile
range: State

has price
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Links a profile to the money earned (negative values) or paid (positive values) for the use (production or consumption) of the commodity by the device
domain: Profile
range: Property Value

has price
type: ObjectProperty
deprecated: true
history note: saref:hasPrice is deprecated in v3.2.1, and may be deleted in the next major revision of SAREF. Use saref:profileHasPrice instead.
comment: A relationship indentifying the price associated to an entity
range: Price

Currency
type: Class
deprecated: true
history note: Class saref:Currency is deprecated in v3.2.1 and may deleted in the next major revision of SAREF. Existing code lists and taxonomies can be reused instead.
subclass of: Unit of measure
comment: The class of units of measure for price

has time
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relationship to associate time information to an entity
range: Time
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: Deprecated saref:hasTime and use OWL Time instead whenever possible.

Time
type: Class
comment: A class that allows to specify the time concept.
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: Deprecated saref:Time and use OWL Time instead whenever possible.

has typical consumption
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relationship identifying the typical (energy or power) consumption of a device
deprecated: true
history note: V3.2.1: Deprecated saref:hasTypicalConsumption. May be defined as an instance of saref:Property in the next major revision of SAREF.

isAbout
type: ObjectProperty
deprecated: true
history note: Property saref:isAbout is too vague and has been deprecated in v3.2.1.
comment: A relationship identifying what an entity, such as a profile, is about

has identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Links some entity to its identifier. Extensions of SAREF may define sub-properties such as s4abcd:hasUUID, s4abcd:hasGTIN12, etc.